Instantáneas en Gastroenterología

Chapter 1: Acute Abdominal Pain 1
„ Acute Upper Abdominal Pain 3
„ Acute Lower Abdominal Pain 9
„ Colic 14
Chapter 2: Chronic Abdominal Pain 19
„ Etiology 19
„ Diagnosis 19
„ Management 30
Chapter 3: Dysphagia 31
„ Surgical Anatomy of Esophagus 31
„ Physiology of Swallowing 31
„ Dysphagia 32
Chapter 4: Diarrhea 38
„ Definition 38
„ Types of Diarrhea 38
„ Acute Diarrhea 38
„ Dysentery 39
„ Traveler’s Diarrhea 42
„ Chronic Diarrhea 43
Contents

xii Snapshots in Gastroenterology
Chapter 5: Constipation and Fecal Incontinence 50
„ Anatomy of Anorectum 50
„ Physiology of Defecation 50
„ Constipation 51
„ Fecal Incontinence 58
Chapter 6: Nausea and Vomiting 61
„ Causes of Nausea and Vomiting 61
„ Pathogenesis 61
„ Diagnosis 63
Chapter 7: Gaseousness 65
„ Belching 65
„ Bloating 66
„ Flatulence 67
Chapter 8: Jaundice 69
„ Bilirubin Metabolism 69
„ Anatomy of Biliary System 69
„ Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism 72
„ Gilbert’s Syndrome (GS) 73
„ Crigler–Najjar Syndrome 76
„ Dubin–Johnson Syndrome (DJS) 79
„ Rotor Syndrome 81
„ Lucey–Driscoll Syndrome 82
„ Obstructive Jaundice 82

Contents xiii
Chapter 9: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 88
„ Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed 88
„ Management (Step By Step) 93
„ Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed 99
„ Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleed 112
Chapter 10: Esophagus 116
„ Anatomy and Physiology 116
„ Approach to a Patient with Esophageal Pathology 118
„ Atresia of Esophagus 119
„ Achalasia Cardia (Cardiospasm) 122
„ Esophageal Webs 127
„ Schatzki’s Ring 129
„ Diverticula of the Esophagus 131
„ Hiatus Hernia 134
„ Reflux Esophagitis
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease—GERD) 137
„ Transthoracic Belsey Mark IV Operation 148
„ Transthoracic Nissen Fundoplication 151
„ Nissen’s Fundoplication (Open Procedure) 152
„ Modified Hill Repair 155
„ Collis Gastroplasty 158
„ Endoscopic Treatment of GERD 160
„ Barrett’s Esophagus 165
„ Strictures of Esophagus 169
„ Esophageal Injury 172
„ Infections of Esophagus 173

xiv Snapshots in Gastroenterology
„ Diffuse Esophageal Spasm 175
„ Foreign Bodies of Esophagus 176
„ Esophageal Varices 179
„ Mallory–Weiss Tear of Esophagus 181
„ Benign Tumors 182
„ Esophageal Malignancy 184
„ Esophageal Resections 191
„ Transhiatal Esophagectomy 193
„ Postesophagectomy Complications 195
Chapter 11: Stomach and Duodenum 197
„ Surgical Anatomy 197
„ Approach to a Patient with Upper
Gastrointestinal Pathology 204
„ Gastric Volvulus 205
„ Gastritis 209
„ Acid Peptic Disease 214
„ Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES) 228
„ Gastroparesis 230
„ Gastric Polyps 232
„ Gastric Malignancy 236
„ Congenital Pyloric Stenosis 251
„ Injuries of Duodenum 255
„ Bezoars 256
„ Dieulafoy’s Ulcer 258
„ Menetrier’s Disease 260
„ Bariatric Surgery 261

Contents xv
„ Surgeries of Stomach and Duodenum 265
„ Partial/Subtotal Gastrectomy 268
„ Complications of Gastric Surgery
and Management 281
„ Long-term Complications of
Gastric Surgery 306
Chapter 12: Small Intestine 347
„ Anatomy 347
„ Physiology 349
„ Approach to the Patient with
Small Bowel Disease 350
„ Small Bowel Atresia 352
„ Volvulus of Midgut 354
„ Injuries of Small Intestine 357
„ Intussusception 359
„ Abdominal Tuberculosis 365
„ Crohn’s Disease 369
„ Whipple’s Disease 377
„ Celiac Disease 379
„ Irritable Bowel Syndrome 380
„ Strictures 383
„ Paralytic Ileus 385
„ Ischemic Enteritis/Mesenteric Vascular
Obstruction 386
„ Intestinal Obstruction 389
„ Diverticulitis of Small Bowel 393

xvi Snapshots in Gastroenterology
„ Angiodysplasia 400
„ Benign Tumors 401
„ Malignant Tumors 402
„ Surgery of Small Bowel 410
„ Postoperative complications 419
Chapter 13: Vermiform Appendix 435
„ Surgical Anatomy 435
„ Congenital Anomalies 437
„ Acute Appendicitis 438
„ Recurrent Appendicitis 452
„ Neoplasms of Appendix 453
„ Surgery of Appendix 460
„ Complications of Appendicectomy 469
Chapter 14: Large Intestine 477
„ Anatomy 477
„ Physiology 479
„ Volvulus 479
„ Injuries of Large Intestine 489
„ Ulcerative Colitis 490
„ Pseuodmembranous Colitis 497
„ Radiation Colitis 500
„ Ischemic Colitis 502
„ Ogilvie’s Syndrome 506
„ Diverticulitis 511
„ Cecal Diverticulitis 520

Contents xvii
„ Colorectal Polyps 522
„ Polyposis Syndromes 534
„ Colonic Malignancy 537
„ Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal
Cancer (HNPCC) 550
„ Surgeries of Colon 551
„ Ileorectal/Ileoanal Anastomosis 561
„ Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis 561
„ Complications of Colonic Surgery 562
Chapter 15: Rectum and Anal Canal 569
„ Anatomy 569
„ Physiology 571
„ Approach to the Patient with
Anorectal Disease 571
„ Hirschsprung’s Disease 572
„ Anorectal Malformations 575
„ Injuries of Rectum 579
„ Hemorrhoids 580
„ Perianal Hematoma 611
„ Anal Fissures 612
„ Anorectal Abscesses 617
„ Fistula in Ano 621
„ Amebic Proctitis and Ulcers 634
„ Rectal Polyps 635
„ Rectal Malignancy 636
„ Anal Malignancy 649

xviii Snapshots in Gastroenterology
„ Rectal Prolapse 653
„ Solitary Rectal Ulcer 661
Chapter 16: Intestinal Stomas 663
„ Input Stomas 663
„ Jejunostomy 672
„ Complications of Input Stomas 679
„ Output Stomas 680
„ Ileostomy 683
„ Colostomy 685
„ Appliances 696
„ Problems 705
„ Complications of Ostomy 707
„ Continent Ileostomy 716
„ Complications 717
Chapter 17: Liver 720
„ Surgical Anatomy 720
„ Physiology 724
„ Approach to the Patient with
Liver Disease 726
„ Hepatomegaly 737
„ Injuries of Liver 739
„ Viral Hepatitis 743
„ Autoimmune Hepatitis 755
„ Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) 759
„ Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome 764

Contents xix
„ Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease (NAFLD) 766
„ Drug-induced Liver Disease (DILD) 768
„ Metabolic Liver Diseases 772
„ Cirrhosis 780
„ Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 785
„ Portal Vein Thrombosis 787
„ Budd–Chiari Syndrome 790
„ Portal Hypertension 793
„ Ascites 799
„ Hepatic Encephalopathy 805
„ Hepatorenal Syndrome 808
„ Focal Liver Masses 809
„ Liver Abscess 814
„ Cystic Liver Diseases 822
„ Congenital Liver Cysts 824
„ Hydatid Cyst of Liver 828
„ Neoplastic Liver Cysts 832
„ Benign Liver Tumors 833
„ Hepatoblastoma 840
„ Primary Liver Malignancy 841
„ Hepatocellular Carcinoma 842
„ Metastatic Liver Disease 849
„ Surgical Procedures: Shunt Procedures 852
„ Hepatectomy 856
„ Liver Transplantation 862

xx Snapshots in Gastroenterology
Chapter 18: Gallbladder and Bile Ducts 869
„ Anatomy 869
„ Physiology 871
„ Anomalies 871
„ Biliary Atresia 872
„ Choledochal Cysts 874
„ Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) 881
„ Chronic Cholecystitis 885
„ Acute Cholecystitis 890
„ Acalculous Cholecystitis 900
„ Emphysematous Cholecystitis 902
„ Choledocholithiasis 904
„ Gallstone Ileus 914
„ Injuries to the Biliary Tract 915
„ Bile Duct Strictures 924
„ Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) 928
„ Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction 932
„ Gallbladder Polyps 934
„ Carcinoma of Gallbladder 937
„ Cholangiocarcinoma 943
„ Operative Procedures 951
„ Management of Choledocholithiasis 973
Chapter 19: Pancreas 983
„ Anatomy and Physiology 983
„ Approach to a Patient with Pancreatic Disease 987
„ Acute Pancreatitis (AP) 992

Contents xxi
„ Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) 1008
„ Pancreatic Pseudocyst 1023
„ Ampullary and Periampullary Carcinoma 1026
„ Pancreatic Malignancy 1030
„ Cystic Neoplasms of Pancreas 1037
„ Islet Cell Tumors of Pancreas 1041
„ Surgery of Pancreas: Pancreatic Resections 1043
„ Complications of Pancreatic Surgery 1045
Index 1053